Mental Health Disorders And Elective Surgery

All patients who want to undergo elective surgery need to have realistic expectations of the surgery that focus on improvement rather than perfection. Sometimes surgical complications or less than satisfactory results are unavoidable. Prospective patients must openly discuss any medical and mental health history like significant emotional depression with the surgeon before surgery. The FDA has not proven the safety of silicone breast implants in patients with a pre-existing diagnosis of depression or other mental health conditions. The FDA recommends that patients with such diagnoses wait until resolution or stabilization of these conditions before undergoing breast implant surgery. Although many individuals may benefit psychologically from the results of elective surgery, studies cannot predict the effects on mental health.

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Surgery

An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply surgery. In this context, the verb operates means to perform surgery. The adjective surgical means pertaining to surgery; e.g. surgical instruments or surgical nurse. The patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who performs operations on patients. In rare cases, surgeons may operate on themselves. Persons described as surgeons are commonly physicians, but the term is also applied to podiatrists, dentists and veterinarians. A surgery can last from minutes to hours, but is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian. At a hospital, modern surgery is often done in an operating theater using surgical instruments, an operating table for the patient, and other equipment. The environment and procedures used in surgery are governed by the principles of aseptic technique: the strict separation of sterile free of microorganisms things from unsterile or contaminated things. All surgical instruments must be sterilized, and an instrument must be replaced or re-sterilized if it becomes contaminated i.e. handled in an unsterile manner, or allowed to touch an unsterile surface. Operating room staff must wear sterile attire scrubs, a scrub cap, a sterile surgical gown, sterile latex or non-latex polymer gloves and a surgical mask, and they must scrub hands and arms with an approved disinfectant agent before each procedure. Prior to surgery, the patient is given a medical examination, certain pre-operative tests, and their physical status is rated according to the AS A physical status classification system. If these results are satisfactory, the patient signs a consent form and is given a surgical clearance. If the procedure is expected to result in significant blood loss, an autologous blood donation may be made some weeks prior to surgery. If the surgery involves the digestive system, the patient may be instructed to perform bowel prep by drinking a solution of polyethylene glycol the night before the procedure. Patients are also instructed to abstain from food or drink to minimize the effect of stomach contents on pre-operative medications and reduce the risk of aspiration if the patient vomits during or after the procedure. In the pre-operative holding area, the patient changes out of his or her street clothes and is asked to confirm the details of his or her surgery. A set of vital signs are recorded, a peripheral IV line is placed, and pre-operative medications are given. When the patient enters the operating room, the skin surface to be operated on, called the operating field, is cleaned and prepared by applying an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone-iodine to reduce the possibility of infection. If hair is present at the surgical site, it is clipped off prior to prep application. The patient is assisted by an anesthesiologist or resident to make a specific surgical position, sterile drapes are used to cover all of the patient's body except for the head and the surgical site or at least a wide area surrounding the operating field. The drapes are clipped to a pair of poles near the head of the bed to form an ether screen, which separates the anesthetist/anesthesiologist's working area from the surgical site. Anesthesia is administered to prevent pain from incision, tissue manipulation and suturing. Based on the procedure, anesthesia may be provided locally or as general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia may be used when the surgical site is too large or deep for a local block, but general anesthesia may not be desirable. With local and spinal anesthesia, the surgical site is anesthetized, but the patient can remain conscious or minimally sedated. In contrast, general anesthesia renders the patient unconscious and paralyzed during surgery. The patient is intubated and is placed on a mechanical ventilator, and anesthesia is produced by a combination of injected and inhaled agents. An incision is made to access the surgical site. Blood vessels may be clamped to prevent bleeding, and retractors may be used to expose the site or keep the incision open. The approach to the surgical site may involve several layers of incision and dissection, as in abdominal surgery, where the incision must traverse skin, subcutaneous tissue, three layers of muscle and then peritoneum. 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